Skew indicator



Oct. 27, 1964 J. c. MoRPHE'r, JR

SKEW INDICATOR 4 Sheets-Sheet l Filed Sept. 18, 1959 Oct. 27, 1964 J. c. MORPHET, JR 3,154,762

SKEW INDICATOR Filed Sept. 18, 1959 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 ERDM ADVANCE coNTRDL ao Y DELA x50 RD. cm. DECODER Pos 1 EXGESSIVE www im INDICATOR Rl; CTR TRG AND TRACK i ,52 REsETcHEcKPuLsE k5| To 22 l j :I Y EXCESSIVE SKEW IN READ IN CTR TRG Oct. 27, 1964 J. c. MQRPHET, JR

SKEW INDICATOR 4 Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed Sept. 18, 1959 Oct. 27, 1964 J. c. MoRPHET, JR

SKEW INDICATOR 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed Sept. 18, 1959 United States Patent O 3,lf,762 SKEW NDlCATR John C. Morphet, ir., Hyde Parli, N13., assigner to international Business Machines Corporation, New York, NX., a corporation of New York Filed Sept. i8, 19d?, Ser. No. 840,9l8 3 Claims. (Cl. 349-1725) This invention relates to magnetic recording systems and more particularly to a skew indicating system for use with a digital skew buffer such as the skew buffer shown in copending application, Serial No. 745,501 now Patent Number 2,921,296.

Ideally, the bits representing a magnetically recorded character would be disposed on the record tape in the various channels in a line perpendicular to the length of the tape, and, upon reading of the tape, such bits should be read simultaneously. lt has been known, however, that the stated ideal cannot be achieved because the precise alignment between the magnetic heads and the tape is not the same during both the recording and reproducing operations. Other factors, such as variations in the tape speed and variations in the timing of electrical pulses also contribute to the disposition of the bits of any character upon the tape and the reading thereof, in a somewhat serial order. This phenomenon, known as skew, is manifested at a time interval between the several read-back bits of a character. The total skew is the sum of the skew created when writing a character on .ftape and the skew created when reading the same character from tape.

Magnetic tape having low density recording thereon (ie. 500 bits per inch or less) can be easily read, despite skew, with relatively simple reading and input equipment. Accordingly, it has been customary to read the bits of a character into an input register one character at a time, the bit positions of fthe register being eld open sufficientlyY long to permit the storage of an entire charac- Lei despite the somewhat serial arrival of the bits constituting the character. After all the skewed bits of a character have been received by an input register, it is a relatively simple matter to simultaneously transfer the bits of the character from the input register to a line register or other receiving equipment of a computer or data processing system.

Tapes having recording density of more than 5000 bits per inch and having a large number of parallel tracks on tape, are now visualized. At a recording density of 5000 bits per inch or more, the problem presented by skew becomes more troublesome and conventional data input equipment is no longer adequate to meet the problem. ln the conventional deskewing method mentioned, a character gate of fixed length is started by the arrival of the rst bit of the character, and it is held open for one bit period which is suiciently long to permit the storage of an entire character despite the somewhat serial arrival of the bits constituting the character. In the high density tape system envisioned herein the bit period is much smaller than the total skew and the character gate method is, therefore, not feasible.

Regardless of the amount of skew encountered in reading a tape, the information that is recorded can be recovered if the incoming information is organized so that it can be recognized. Accordingly, the system disclosed in copending application. Serial No. 745,501 shows means whereby a high density recording can be read from tape and the bits of each character rendered intelligible to the system equipment.

Said application shows a multi-bit skew buffer comprising a bit storage buffer for each longitudinal tape channel, a read-in counter for each bit storage buiier, and a read-out counter. The bits of a character may 3,154,762 Patented Oct. 27, 1964 ICC be read into the bit storage buffers sequentially under control of the sequentially advanced read-in counters; however, the bits of any character will be read out of the various bit stonage buffers simultaneously under the control of the read-out counter.

The deskewing system shown performs a number of operations which characterize its nature: it determines when a bit period is occurring, it samples the read amplifiers during such period, it enters the information in the proper position of a bit stonage buffer where it is stored until all tracks have been sampled, it determines which positions of the bit storage buffer are to transfer into an output register, and finally it determines when to transfer a character from the bit storage buffers to the output register.

It is the object of Ithis invention to provide means for measuring skew.

A further object of this invention is to provide means for indicating when skew in excess of the bit storage buffer capacity is encountered.

A further object is to provide means for indicating the maximum [amount of skew that has occurred.

Other objects or" the invention will be pointed out in the following description and claims and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, which disclose, by Way of example, the principle oi the invention and the best mode which has been contemplated of applying that principle.

ln the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic illustration in block form, of a deskewing system of a type wherein this invention is applicable.

FIG. 2 is the block diagram of an excessive skew indicating circuit for one channel.

FIG. 3 is the block diagram for a circuit which indicates that excessive skew has occurred in some channel.

FIG. 4 is the block diagram for la circuit which indicates the maximum skew that has occurred.

FIG. 5 is the block diagram of an alternate circuit for indicating the mauimum skew that has occurred.

FIG. 6 is the block diagram of an alternate embodiment of an excess-ive skew indicating circuit for one channel.

The present vention will herein be shown as applied to the deskewing system disclosed in copending application, Serial No. 745,501 now Patent Number 2,921,296. The embodiment shown is merely illustrative and the scope of the invention is not limited thereto. FIG. l shows the general organization of the above-mentioned deskewing system, said system having N channels. The components shown are those of channels one and channel N. The components 12, 14, 16, etc. are associated with chan-rel one, while the components lZn, 14n, 16u, etc. are associated with channel N. The other channels, 2, 3, 4 N42, N-l (not shown) will have identical components to channel N.

The several channels also have associated therewith certain circuits which are common to all the channels. Thus, it can be seen by reference to FIG. l that the comparing circuits lll-18u for all of the channels provide inputs to a common AND circuit 22; that a common read-out counter 24 delivers its output to the comparing circuits lil-1811; that a common read-out decoder 26 delivers a.

pulse to each of the read-out gate assemblies 20-20n; and that the output from the common AND circuit 22 is utilized to energize the skew cycle control circuit 2S, said skew cycle control circuit 28 providing common controlling impulses for the several read channels. Specilic circuits for each block shown in FIG. l are shown in copending application, Serial No. 745,501.

In general, the system operates as follows: the signal from the magnetic transducer which reads the magnetic tape is amplied and then sampled at the precise time when an information indicating signal is occurring. The time at which this sampling occurs is under the control of the variable frequency clock 1li. An example of a variable frequency clock which may be used to accomplish this function is shown in copending application, Magnetic Recording System, by Ernest Newman, Serial No. 745,731.

The information bit obtained by the sampling process passes through AND circuit 11, through read-in gates 14 and then tothe appropriate position in the bit storage buffer 12.1 The various channels read in asynchronously; however, the bits which vconstitute any character are stored in the same buffer position in each channel. Control rof the read-in gates 14 which direct the infomation bit to the proper buffer position is effected by read-in counter 16 and advance control 36 in a manner to be described.

The bits which constitute a character are read out of all the buffers simultaneously under control of read-out counter 24 and AND circuit 22. The read-out counter 24 selects the position to be read out and AND circuit 22 allows-this position to be read out only when the read-in counters indicate that each channel has read that particular information bit.

In general, the skew measuring and indicating device of this invention compares the read-in and read-out countersat a select time in the cycle, thereby obtaining a measure of the existing skew.

In the operation of the system, the read-in counters 16-1611 are initially set to their first position, in which read-in gates 14-1411 are conditioned to store the first bit of information from each .channel in the first positions of the bit storage buiiers 12-l2f1. Nhen the iirst bit period occurs in each channel,- a pulse from the respective variable frequency clock, iii-1011will Vbe transmitted to the respective AND circuit, 11-1111, thereby causing the associated tape amplifiers to be sampled (it being remembered that the several channels operate asynchronously). 1f the tape signal is a l, a l is stored in the first position of the bit storage buffer associated with the tape track in which the 1 was sensed. If the tape signal is a O, nothing will be stored in the first position of the bit storage buffer associated with the channel in which the O was sensed.

When the pulses from the variable frequency clocks Iii-1011 occur, advance pulses are generated in the advance control circuits Sti-3611 which advance the respective read-in counters 164.611 one position, so thatr position two thereof is turned on, thereby conditioning the circuits of the next higher read-in gate for the storage of the next information bit into the second position of the respective bit storage buffer, 12-12n.

Information may be read into each bit storage buffer, 12-12n, at any time without regard to the other channels as each channel has its own variable frequency clock 10, read-in counter 16, and bit storage buffer 12, each operating independently from the rest of the system.

The filling of a bit storage buffer cannot be a criterion for the read-out thereof. Hence, means must be provided for determining when each buffer position should be read out. The read-out is primarily controlled by the vcomparing circuits 18-18n which compare the readout Vcounter 24 with the read-in counter 16 in each channel.

The position of the bit storage buffers to be read out is determined by the relative setting of the read-in and read-out `counters as will be described. Characters may be read into-the bit storage buffers sequently as described; however, since all the bit storage buffers were set to position one when the first information bit occurred in each channel, all the bits of the first character are stored 4in the first position of the various bit storage buffers, all the bits of the second character are stored'in the second buffer position, etc.

Initially the read-out counter 24 is set to its first posi- 4. tion so that the read-out gate for the rst buffer position is conditioned. When all the bits of the first character have been stored, a skew cycle is initiated. During this cycle, all the bits of the first character which are in the first position or" the bit storage buffers will be transferred into the output register 32. Then all first positions of the bit storage buffers will be reset. After the resetting operation, the read-out counter 24 is advanced to its second position so that the read-out gates for the second position of the bit storage buffers are conditioned. Thus,

'fthe read-out counter 24 conditions the read-out gates .2d-2811 for all the tracks and in this manner the proper bits which together constitute a character are transferred into the output register 32.

The following method is used to determine when all of the bits of a character have been read into the bit storage buffers and that the character is, therefore, ready for subsequent read-out. Initially both the read-in counters 16-1611 and the read-out counter 24 are set to their first position. The read-in counter of each track is compared with the read-out counter 24 in the comparing circuits 134811. When the count of the read-in counters iti-in of all the tracks is greater than the count of the read-out counter 24, it indicates that all of the bits of a particular character have been stored and that the character may, therefore, be read out.

Comparing circuits 18-1811 will indicate when each character is ready -to be read out by transmitting a pulse to the common AND circuit 22. When all of the bits ofV a character are stored, (i.e. the input counter for eachV track is greater than the output counter 24) and consequently all of the inputs of the common AND circuit 22 are conditioned, a pulse is transmitted from the AND circuit 22 -to the skew cycle control circuits 28 so that an output signal TRANSFER SELECTED BIT STORAGE BUFFER lPOSITION TO OUTPUT REGISTER is emitted from the skew cycle control circuit 28. This signal is utilized to gate the bits in the selected position of the bit storage buffer 12 through AND circuits 34-3411 wherebyV the character selected by the read-out counter 24 is transferred to the output register 32.

The skew cycle control circuit 28 also emits a signal RESET SELECTED BIT STORAGE BUFFER POSI- TION which is utilized -to reset the position of the bit storage buiers from which the character has been read.

The skew cycle control circuit 28 also produces a signal ADVANCE rREAD-OUT COUNTER which serves to advance the read-out counter 24 thereby conditioning it to read out the next character and finally, the skew cycle control circuit 28 may produce a signal OUTPUT REG- ISTER TO OUTPUT BUFFER REGISTER by which characters in the output register 32 may be gated therefrom into system circuits such as, for example, an output buffer register (not shown).

The read-in and read-out counters are standard cyclic counters. They progress through a specific number of count indicating conditions or positions, and then they return to the initial count indicating position or condition. The read-in counters iti-16u and the read-out counter 24 in the specific embodiment shown each cornprise two ring type counters consisting, respectively, of seven trigger elements T1 through T4 and TA through TC. The two rings are used in combination to give a twelve place count. The twelve combinations are equivalent to a twelve position ring counter. Y

The advance pulses from advance control 30 advance the ring made up of triggers T1 through T4. When the first ring reaches a state such that trigger T1 is to be turned on and trigger T4 is to be turned oli an ad-` vancepulse is delivered to the second ring composed of the triggers TA through TC to advance it one position.

VHence twelve counts are obtained.

When the read-in counter has made a complete cycle, 1.e., when it has .counted to its full capacity and has started to recycle, 1t may appear to the4 circuits controlledI thereby that the read-out counter is greater than the readin counter, when, in fact, this is not the case. To account for this latter contingency, the read-in counter has au overflow trigger TOF which is turned on when the readin counter begins to re-cycie. When the read-out counter completes a cycle, the overow trigger TOF is turned oth The overflow trigger, therefore, serves to indicate that the count of the read-in counter is ahead of the count of the read-out counter in the case where the read-in counter has cycled but the read-out counter has not cycled.

The comparing circuits iS-lSrz are adapted to receive the outputs of the several coresponding stages of the readin counters 16-16n and the read-out counter 24 and to compare same. A signal is emitted when the setting of the read-in counter is greater than the setting of the read-out counter. The condition of the TOF trigger is also taken into account in order to prevent a false output when the read-in counter has recycled and the read-out counter has not yet recycled (as described in copending application, Serial No. 745,501).

The read-out gates 20 are controlled by the read-out counter 24 as described; however, in the embodiment shown since the read-out counter 24 only has seven triggers which in combination indicate twelve counts, a readout decoder 26 is necessary to control the twelve track read-out gates in each of the circuits 243-2911..

The bit storage buers 12-12n are provided with a suilicient number of bit storage triggers to accommodate the most aggravated skew condition usually encountered. Herein, the bit storage buiers have been illustrated as comprising l2 triggers storage positions l to 12. This is an arbitrary capacity selected for the purpose of simplifying .the disclosure and it is contemplated that the storage capacity of the several bit storage buiiers in each case will be sumcient to control whatever skew condition may normally be encountered. However, the possibility does exist that under some unusual condition the capacity of the bit storage buiers will be exceeded.

The circuits of this invention will indicate this overilow condition in a manner to be described. The number of bits stored in a bit storage buffer at any particular time will be a measure of the skew existing at that time between the channel associated with the bit storage buer under consideration and the most lagging channel, (ie. that channel which is farthest behind). This is true since the read-in operation to any particular bit storage buier `is independent of the other channels, but the readout operation is controlled by 4the most lagging channel.

Satisfactory operation of the embodiments of the invention herein shown depends upon the fact that variations in the amount of skew present in .the system varies relatively slowly in comparison to the cyclic rate of the skew buier. Hence, a measurement of the skew existing when the read-out counter is at position one is indicative of the skew during the rest of the cycle of the skew butter. Furthermore, the amount of skew will not change by more than one bit length during a cycle of the skew buffer.

By examining the count in the read-in counters of the various channels when the read-out counter is at position one, a measure of skew is obtained. The circuits shown in FIGURES 2 and 6 merely indicate that excess skew exists. The circuits shown in FIGURES 4 and 5 give a quantitative measure of skew.

Excessive skew in any channel is indicated by an indicator 52 (FIG. 2) one of which is associated with each channel. Said indicators are activated whenever excessive skew in the channel under consideration causes the following inputs to be present at the particular AND circuit 51 which is associated with the channel under consideration (a) a signal from position one of the readout counter decoder 26 (b) a signal from the read-in counter 16 trigger T1 of the channel under consideration 6 (c) a signal from the read-in counter 15 trigger TA of the channel under consideration (d) a reset check pulse from the 200 millimicrosecond delay circuit which is activattd by advance control 36. (Signals b and c essentially being a signal from position one of the read-in counter.)

The output from AND circuit 51 activates indicator 52 and also provides an input signal to AND circuit 22 to replace the signal from the associated compare circuit 13, thereby allowing the other buffer positions to read-out and possibly allowing continued operation of the other read channels if such is desired. The necessity of a signal from the 200 millimicrosecond delay Si) prevents circuit S1 from giving an output when the read-in and read-out counters are both initially in position one.

The N input 0R circuit 55 (FlG. 3) receives inputs from the AND circuit 51 of each or the channels, thereby yactivating trigger 56 and indicator 57 whenever any channel has excessive skew.

The maximum skew that has occurred in any channel can be indicated by the circuit shown in FiG. 4. Eachv buier position from two to twelve has a plurality of AND circuits 74, one for each channel, and OR circuit 58, and AND circuit 59, and a trigger 6i?. Note, FIGURE 4 only shows AND circuits 74 and OR circuits 5S for buffer positions two and twelve. Each of the other buer positions has circuits 74 and 53 identical to the ones shown.

When the read-out counter 24 reaches position one, every AND circuit 59 which receives an input from the corresponding OR circuit 58 will be conditioned so that it will give an output, thereby activating the corresponding trigger 60. Each GR circuit 58 is associated with a particular position of the read-in counters ll6-16n and is activated by AND circuit 74 to give an output if any of said counters are in the assoicated position. Triggers TA and T2 constitute position two of each read-in counter 16 of FlG. 1, triggers TA and T3 constitute position three, triggers TC and T4 constitute position twelve, etc.

Hence, ywhen the read-out counter Z4 reaches position one every AND circuit 59 and the corresponding trigger 69 associated with a position oi the read-in counters up to the count of the read-in counter in the leading channel (i.e. that channel which is farthest ahead) will be activated. Since the read-out counter 24 is controlled by the channel farthest behind we will have an indication of the amount of skew between the most leading and the most lagging channels. Triggers 6i) may be reset by reset button 6l.

The maximum bits of skew which occurred may also be indicated by the circuit (FG. 5). Here merely the read-in counters of tracks one and N are examined when the read-out counter is at position one. Assuming that one of the side channels will be the leading channel, this circuit will show the maximum skew that has occurred since the reset button 66 was last pushed. The AND circuits 67 and 68 which respectively receive inputs from positions two (trig A and trig 2) to position twelve (trig C and trig 4) of the read-in counter 16 of channel one and channel N effectively examine the count of the readin counters of channel one and channel N when the readout counter is at position one. When AND circuits 67 and 68 are conditioned by a signal from position one of the read-out counter decoder 26, those AND circuits 67 and 68 which lare associated with the positions of the readin counters which are activated at that time will emit a signal, thereby switching the corresponding triggers 69.

It is recognized that the checking means could be associated with other positions of the read-out counter; however, if this were done, the state of the TGF trigger in the read-in counter 16 would have to be taken into consideration. An alternate embodiment of the single channel excessive skew indicator shown in FlG. 2 is shown in FIG. 6; the tive-input AND circuit 75 will give an output if (a) the read-in counter 16 has made one more cycle than the read-out counter 24 (indicated by the signal trom TOF) and (b) both counters are simultaneously at posii tion three. The signals from read-in counter triggers T3 and TA indicate that the read-in counter is at position three and `a signal Vfrom position three of the read-out decoder Z6 is used to indicate that theread-out counter is at 'position three. Alternatively any other position of the counters could be compared.

Any of the multi-input OR circuits shown may actually comprise a plurality of cascaded OR circuits; however, this technique is well-known in the art.

While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:

- 1. In a system for reading a multichannel magnetic tape comprising, a plurality of skew buffer storage regi isters capable of storing a sequence of characters-clocking means associated with each buier for gating characters into respective buffers, a plurality of read-in counters, each one yassociated with a different butler and capable of counting the number of characters gated into respective buffers and each of said read-in counters having a predetermined capacity of count indicating positions including a rst position to which the counter returns after having counted up to its capacity, a read-out counter having a plurality of count indicating positions including a rst position, comparing means for comparing the position of each of said read-in counters with the position of said read-out counter, and means responsive to said comparing means'for advancing said read-out counter one position when the position of each of said read-in counters is greater than the position of said read-out counter;

the combination with said read-out counter, read-in counters and clocking means of a plurality of AND circuits, each `one associated with a diierent one of said buffer-s, circuit means for coupling a signal representative of the first position of said read-out counter to each of said AND circuits, circuit means for coupling a signal representative of the first position of each of said read-in counters to the associated AND circuit, and signal delaying means ,connected to each of said clocking means for coupling a signal delayed in time representingthe gating of characters-into said buffers to the associated AND circuit, said AND circuits including means for indicating the concurrence of signals coupled thereto,

thereby providing an indication of the presence or skew equal to the capacity of read-in counters. 2. In a 'system for reading a multichannel magnetic tape comprising, a plurality of skew bulier storage registers capable of storing a sequence of characters, clocking means associated withreach butter for gating characters into respective buffers, a plurality of read-in counters, each one associated with a different butter and capable of-counting the number of characters gated into respective buiers, and each of said read-in counters having a predetermined capacity of count indicating positions, `a read-out counter having a plurality of count indicating positions including a first position, comparing means for comparing the position of each of said read-in counters with the position of said read-out counter, means re-4 sponsive to said comparing means for advancing'said read-out counter one position when the position of each said read-in counters is greater than the position of said read-out counter;

the combination with said read-out counter andreadtive of the first position of said read-out counter to*Y each of said vAND circuits, andmeans connected toeach lof said AND circuits for indicating the concurrence of signals applied thereto. 3. In a system for reading a magnetic tape having characters recorded thereon in a multiplicity of parallel tracks v including two side tracks located near the edge of the'v tape comprising, a plurality of reading channels, one for. each tape track, a plurality of skew butter storage registers, each one capable of storing a sequence of characters from respective ones ot" said reading channels, clocking means associated with each butler for gating characters into respective buffers, a pluralityof read-,in counters,

eachone associated with a different butter and capable of counting the number of characters gated into respective laitiers, and each of said read-in counters havinga predetermined capacity of count indicating positions, a read-out counter having. a plurality' of count indicating positions including a tirst position, comparing means for comparing the position of each of said read-in counters With the position of said read-out counter, and means responsive to .said comparing means for advancing said read-out counterone position when the position ofeach of said read-in counters is greater than the position ofsaid.

read-out counter; l

thc combination with said read-out counter andreadin counters of two groups of ANDcircuits, each group including a number of AND circuits equal to the capacity of count indicating positions of Asaid read-in counters, circuits means for .coupling signals representative of the positions of the read-in counterl associated with one of said two side tracks to respective ones of the AND circuits in one of said two groups, circuit means for coupling signals represen tative of the positions of said read-in counter asso? ciated with the other of said two side tracks tov respective ones of the AND circuits in ythe other o f said two groups, circuit means for coupling a signal representative of the iirst position of said read-out counter to each of said AND circuits in lboth groups, and means connected to each of said AND circuits for indicating the concurrence of signals `applied thereto.

References Cited in the ie of this patent UNITED STATES. PATENTS 2,668,285 Curry Feb. 21954` 2,731,621 Sontheimer' Jan. 17, 1956 2,828,478 Johnson Mar. 25, 1958VY 2,871,289 Cox u Jan. 27, 1959 2,885,655 Smoliar May 5, 1959 2,905,927 Reed Sept. 22, 1959 2,907,004 Chien Sept. 29,V 1959 

2. IN A SYSTEM FOR READING A MULTICHANNEL MAGNETIC TAPE COMPRISING, A PLURALITY OF SKEW BUFFER STORAGE REGISTERS CAPABLE OF STORING A SEQUENCE OF CHARACTERS, CLOCKING MEANS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH BUFFER FOR GATING CHARACTERS INTO RESPECTIVE BUFFERS, A PLURALITY OF READ-IN COUNTERS, EACH ONE ASSOCIATED WITH A DIFFERENT BUFFER AND CAPABLE OF COUNTING THE NUMBER OF CHARACTERS GATED INTO RESPECTIVE BUFFERS, AND EACH OF SAID READ-IN COUNTERS HAVING A PREDETERMINED CAPACITY OF COUNT INDICATING POSITIONS, A READ-OUT COUNTER HAVING A PLURALITY OF COUNT INDICATING POSITIONS INCLUDING A FIRST POSITION, COMPARING MEANS FOR COMPARING THE POSITION OF EACH OF SAID READ-IN COUNTERS WITH THE POSITION OF SAID READ-OUT COUNTER, MEANS RESPONSIVE TO SAID COMPARING MEANS FOR ADVANCING SAID READ-OUT COUNTER ONE POSITION WHEN THE POSITION OF EACH SAID READ-IN COUNTERS IS GREATER THAN THE POSITION OF SAID READ-OUT COUNTER; THE COMBINATION WITH SAID READ-OUT COUNTER AND READIN COUNTERS OF A NUMBER OF OR CIRCUITS EQUAL TO THE CAPACITY OF COUNT INDICATING POSITIONS IN SAID READIN COUNTERS, CIRCUIT MEANS FOR COUPLING SIGNALS REP- 